Epa innovative and alternative technology assessment manual

Influent wastewater is added to the reactor during the Fill step. The following three variations are used for the Fill step and any or all of them may be used depending on the operating strategy: static fill, mixed fill, and aerated fill.

During static fill, influent wastewater is added to the biomass already present in the SBR. Static fill is characterized by no mixing or aeration, meaning that there will be a high substrate food concentration when mixing begins. A high food to microorganisms F:M ratio creates an environment favorable to floe forming organisms versus filamentous organisms, which provides good settling characteristics for the sludge. Additionally, static fill conditions favor organisms that produce internal storage products during high substrate conditions, a requirement for biological phosphorus removal.

Static fill may be compared to using "selector" compartments in a conventional activated sludge system to control the F:M ratio. Mixed fill is classified by mixing influent organics with the biomass, which initiates biological reactions. During mixed fill, bacteria biologically degrade the organics and use residual oxygen or alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate- nitrogen.

In this environment, denitrification may occur under these anoxic conditions. Denitrification is the biological conversion of nitrate-nitrogen to nitrogen gas. An anoxic condition is defined as an environment in which oxygen is not present and nitrate-nitrogen is used by the microorganisms as the electron acceptor. In a conventional biological nutrient removal BNR activated sludge system, mixed fill is comparable to the anoxic zone which is used for denitrification. Anaerobic conditions can also be achieved during the mixed fill phase.

After the microorganisms use the nitrate-nitrogen, sulfate becomes the electron acceptor. Anaerobic conditions are characterized by the lack of oxygen and sulfate as the electron acceptor. Aerated Fill is classified by aerating the contents of the reactor to begin the aerobic reactions completed in the React step. Aerated Fill can reduce the aeration time required in the React step. The biological reactions are completed in the React step, in which mixed react and aerated react modes are available.

During aerated react, the aerobic reactions initialized during aerated fill are completed and nitrification can be achieved. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen and ultimately to nitrate-nitrogen. If the mixed react mode is selected, anoxic conditions can be attained to achieve denitrification. Anaerobic conditions can also be achieved in the mixed react mode for phosphorus removal. Settle is typically provided under quiescent conditions in the SBR.

In some cases, gentle mixing during the initial stages of settling may result in a clearer effluent and a more concentrated settled sludge. In an SBR, there are no influent or effluent currents to interfere with the settling process as in a conventional activated sludge system.

The Draw step uses a decanter to remove the treated effluent, which is the primary distinguishing factor between different SBR manufacturers. Floating decanters offer several advantages over fixed decanters as described in the Tank and Equipment Description Section. Construction Construction of SBR systems can typically require a smaller footprint than conventional activated sludge systems because the SBR often eliminates the need for primary clarifiers.

The SBR never requires secondary clarifiers. The size of the SBR tanks themselves will be site specific, however the SBR system is advantageous if space is limited at the proposed site. A few case studies are presented in Table 2 to provide general sizing estimates at different flowrates.

Sizing of these systems is site specific and these case studies do not reflect every system at that size. The actual construction of the SBR tank and equipment may be comparable or simpler than a conventional activated sludge system.

The control system of an SBR operation is more complex than a conventional activated sludge system and includes automatic switches, automatic valves, and instrumentation. These controls are very sophisticated in larger systems. Tank and Equipment Description The SBR system consists of a tank, aeration and mixing equipment, a decanter, and a control system. The central features of the SBR system include the control unit and the automatic switches and valves that sequence and time the different operations.

SBR manufacturers should be consulted for recommendations on tanks and equipment. It is possible, however, for an engineer to design an SBR system, as all required tanks, equipment, and controls are available through different manufacturers.

This is not typical of SBR installation because of the level of sophistication of the instrumentation and controls associated with these systems. The SBR tank is typically constructed with steel or concrete. For industrial applications, steel tanks coated for corrosion control are most common while concrete tanks are the most common for municipal treatment of domestic wastewater.

For mixing and aeration, jet aeration systems are typical as they allow mixing either with or without aeration, but other aeration and mixing systems are also used. Positive displacement blowers are typically used for SBR design to handle wastewater level variations in the reactor.

As previously mentioned, the decanter is the primary piece of equipment that distinguishes different SBR manufacturers. Types of decanters include floating and fixed. Floating decanters also offer the operating flexibility to vary fill-and-draw volumes.

Fixed decanters are built into the side of the basin and can be used if the Settle step is extended. Extending the Settle step minimizes the chance that solids in the wastewater will float over the fixed decanter. In some cases, fixed decanters are less expensive and can be designed to allow the operator to lower or raise the level of the decanter. Fixed decanters do not offer the operating flexibility of the floating decanters.

Health and Safety Safely should be the primary concern in every design and system operation. Part Implementation Guidance. This document is a guidance manual intended to provide information that may be needed to properly implement Part This paper provides a brief overview of the science of anaerobic digestion AD. Provides guidance by U. Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities.

This report focuses on biosolids generated by publicly owned treatment works POTWs and the subsequent management practices used by POTWs for treating and then recycling or disposing of biosolids. This handbook is primarily intended for use in restoration of lands disturbed by forest management activities in the Pacific Northwest. This paper is a result of EPA's Soil Amendments for Ecological Revitalization Workshop to assess known problems and potential solutions related to the use of soil amendments in revitalizing ecosystems on contaminated lands.

This report presents the results of a study that looked at the technical and economical feasibility of removing and then recovering the heavy metals and phosphates present in phosphorus-laden chemical sludge. This manual was developed to provide guidance to POTW operators, engineers, managers, chemists and permit writers. The manual is intended to provide general guidance and basic information on the planning, design, and operation of sewage sludge land application projects.

The purpose of this manual is to provide the engineering community and related industry with a new source of information to be used in the planning, design, and operation of present and future wastewater pollution control facilities. The manual contains a user's guide, an innovative and alternative technology screening methodology, cost and energy effectiveness analysis criteria and procedures as well as a set of comprehensive fact sheets for commonly employed and emerging municipal technology processes, systems and subsystems.

Method describes a membrane filter MF procedure for the detection and enumeration of the enterococci bacteria in water. Method Escherichia coli E. Method describes a membrane filter MF procedure for the detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli bacteria in ambient waters and disinfected wastewaters. This method describes multiple-tube fermentation procedures [also called the most probable number MPN procedure] for the detection and enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria in biosolids. Method is a performance-based method for detecting Salmonella in biosolids.

This document helps clarify the purpose of the new proposed sewage sludge standards and reaffirms the Agency's policy of encouraging beneficial use of sewage sludge. Summary of the research study conducted to evaluate air and soil sampling methods and analytical techniques for commercial land application of biosolids. The goal of this research study was to evaluate air and soil sampling methods and analytical techniques for commercial land application of biosolids.

This booklet discusses and reaffirms U. Examines the potential health effects arising from the land application of municipal sewage sludge. A survey to determine current levels of dioxin-like compounds i. The objective of the survey was to obtain unbiased national estimates of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge to enable EPA to perform a multipathway exposure assessment and risk assessment of the disposal of sewage sludge through land application.

This document provides the statistical analysis of pollutant concentrations for 84 non-prioritized analytes from the Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey. Fact Sheet: Alkaline Stabilization of Biosolids. The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for alkaline stabilization in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information.

The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for belt filter press in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information.

The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for gravity thickening in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information.

Fact Sheet: Centrifuge Thickening and Dewatering. The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for centrifuge thickening and dewatering in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for heat drying in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information.

The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for incineration in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for in-vessel composting of biosolids provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information.

Fact Sheet: Land Application of Biosolids. As of July , the content of this old version has been replaced with a new version.

Ion exchange removes ions from the aqueous phase by exchange with counter ions on the exchange medium. Description: Figure Typical Ion Exchange and Adsorption Equipment Diagram Ion exchange removes ions from the aqueous phase by the exchange of cations or anions between the contaminants and the exchange medium. Ion exchange materials may consist of resins made from synthetic organic materials that contain ionic functional groups to which exchangeable ions are attached.

They also may be inorganic and natural polymeric materials. After the resin capacity has been exhausted, resins can be regenerated for re-use. Synonyms: NA. Applicability: Ion exchange can remove dissolved metals and radionuclides from aqueous solutions. Other compounds that have been treated include nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, and silicate. Limitations: Factors that may affect the applicability and effectiveness of this process include: Oil and grease in the ground water may clog the exchange resin.

Suspended solids content greater than 10 ppm may cause resin blinding.