Serial number generator for virtual fashion professional 1.0 build 8.98

To run Weston under the CLI, you need to do the following after your image is built:. This section describes the mechanism by which the OpenEmbedded build system tracks changes to licensing text.

The section also describes how to enable commercially licensed recipes, which by default are disabled. For information that can help you maintain compliance with various open source licensing during the lifecycle of the product, see the " Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Project's Lifecycle " section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

The license of an upstream project might change in the future. The checksums are validated at the end of the configure step, and if the checksums do not match, the build will fail. When using "beginline" and "endline", realize that line numbering begins with one and not zero. Also, the included lines are inclusive i. When a license check fails, the selected license text is included as part of the QA message. Using this output, you can determine the exact start and finish for the needed license text.

The previous example employs the default directory. It is possible to specify a checksum for an entire file, or a specific section of a file specified by beginning and ending line numbers with the "beginline" and "endline" parameters, respectively.

If you do not use the "beginline" parameter, then it is assumed that the text begins on the first line of the file. Similarly, if you do not use the "endline" parameter, it is assumed that the license text ends with the last line of the file.

The "md5" parameter stores the md5 checksum of the license text. If the license text changes in any way as compared to this parameter then a mismatch occurs. This mismatch triggers a build failure and notifies the developer. Notification allows the developer to review and address the license text changes. Also note that if a mismatch occurs during the build, the correct md5 checksum is placed in the build log and can be easily copied to the recipe. Generally, however, every project requires a few specifications for license tracking.

By default, the OpenEmbedded build system disables components that have commercial or other special licensing requirements. Here is a slightly more complicated example that contains both an explicit recipe name and version after variable expansion :. Here is the example:. As a convenience, you do not need to specify the complete license string in the whitelist for every package.

You can use an abbreviated form, which consists of just the first portion or portions of the license string before the initial underscore character or characters. A partial string will match any license that contains the given string as the first portion of its license.

For example, the following whitelist string will also match both of the packages previously mentioned as well as any other packages that have licenses starting with "commercial" or "license". License flag matching allows you to control what recipes the OpenEmbedded build system includes in the build.

A match causes the build system to include a recipe in the build, while failure to find a match causes the build system to exclude a recipe. In general, license flag matching is simple. However, understanding some concepts will help you correctly and effectively use matching.

After expansion, the string is then matched against the whitelist. And, to create a match, that string must appear in the whitelist. For example, you can broaden the matching capabilities by using license flags string subsets in the whitelist. Thus, you can choose to exhaustively enumerate each license flag in the whitelist and allow only specific recipes into the image, or you can use a string subset that causes a broader range of matches to allow a range of recipes into the image.

Combine this license flag with a whitelist that has the string "commercial" and you match the flag along with any other flag that starts with the string "commercial". You can be very specific and use both the package and version parts in the whitelist e.

If you want to enable these components, you can do so by making sure you have statements similar to the following in your local. The Yocto Project release process is predictable and consists of both major and minor point releases.

This brief chapter provides information on how releases are named, their life cycle, and their stability. The Yocto Project delivers major releases e. Following are examples of some major YP releases with their codenames also shown.

See the " Major Release Codenames " section for information on codenames used with major releases. While the cadence is never perfect, this timescale facilitates regular releases that have strong QA cycles while not overwhelming users with too many new releases. The cadence is predictable and avoids many major holidays in various geographies.

The Yocto project delivers minor point releases on an unscheduled basis and are usually driven by the accumulation of enough significant fixes or enhancements to the associated major release. Following are some example past point releases:. The point release indicates a point in the major release branch where a full QA cycle and release process validates the content of the new branch.

Each major release receives a codename that identifies the release in the Yocto Project Source Repositories. The concept is that branches of Metadata with the same codename are likely to be compatible and thus work together. Releases are given a nominal release version as well but the codename is used in repositories for this reason. Once released, the release enters the stable release process at which time a person is assigned as the maintainer for that stable release.

This maintainer monitors activity for the release by investigating and handling nominated patches and backport activity. Only fixes and enhancements that have first been applied on the "master" branch i. Stable release branches have strong maintenance for about a year after their initial release. Should significant issues be found for any release regardless of its age, fixes could be backported to older releases.

For issues that are not backported given an older release, Community LTS trees and branches exist where community members share patches for older releases. However, these types of patches do not go through the same release process as do point releases. Part of the Yocto Project development and release process is quality assurance through the execution of test strategies. Test strategies provide the Yocto Project team a way to ensure a release is validated. Additionally, because the test strategies are visible to you as a developer, you can validate your projects.

This section overviews the available test infrastructure used in the Yocto Project. For information on how to run available tests on your projects, see the " Performing Automated Runtime Testing " section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. The infrastructure consists of the following pieces:.

If, for example, the build produced PPC binaries then there is a problem. The tests are usually used with QEMU to boot the images and check the combined runtime result boot operation and functions. However, the test can also use the IP address of a machine to test. The test allows the packages to be be run within a target image.

These tests operate outside the OpenEmbedded build system itself. The oe-selftest can run all tests by default or can run selected tests or test suites.

Originally, much of this testing was done manually. However, significant effort has been made to automate the tests so that more people can use them and the Yocto Project development team can run them faster and more efficiently. The Yocto Project's main Autobuilder autobuilder. The testing occurs for both the current state of the "master" branch and also for submitted patches. Testing within these public branches ensures in a publicly visible way that all of the main supposed architectures and recipes in OE-Core successfully build and behave properly.

Various features such as multilib , sub architectures e. Complete testing and validation for a release takes the Autobuilder workers several hours. Finally, in addition to the Autobuilder's tests, the Yocto Project QA team also performs testing on a variety of platforms, which includes actual hardware, to ensure expected results.

This chapter provides information you can use to migrate work to a newer Yocto Project release. You can find the same information in the release notes for a given release. Some considerations are not tied to a specific Yocto Project release.

This section presents information you should consider when migrating to any new Yocto Project release. Dealing with Customized Recipes : Issues could arise if you take older recipes that contain customizations and simply copy them forward expecting them to work after you migrate to new Yocto Project metadata. For example, suppose you have a recipe in your layer that is a customized version of a core recipe copied from the earlier release, rather than through the use of an append file.

When you migrate to a newer version of Yocto Project, the metadata e. Say, for example, a function is removed from an include file and the customized recipe tries to call that function.

You could "forward-port" all your customizations in your recipe so that everything works for the new release. However, this is not the optimal solution as you would have to repeat this process with each new release if changes occur that give rise to problems. Doing so, isolates your changes from the main recipe making them much more manageable. However, sometimes it is not practical to use an append file. A good example of this is when introducing a newer or older version of a recipe in another layer.

Updating Append Files : Since append files generally only contain your customizations, they often do not need to be adjusted for new releases.

However, if the. A mismatch between an append file and its corresponding recipe file. Depending on the type of customization the append file applies, other incompatibilities might occur when you upgrade. For example, if your append file applies a patch and the recipe to which it is appending is updated to a newer version, the patch might no longer apply.

If this is the case and assuming the patch is still needed, you must modify the patch file so that it does apply. This section provides migration information for moving to the Yocto Project 1. Also, native sstate-cache packages, which are built to run on the host system, will go into a subdirectory named using the distro ID string. The meta-yocto layer consists of two parts that correspond to the Poky reference distribution and the reference hardware Board Support Packages BSPs , respectively: meta-yocto and meta-yocto-bsp.

All Python functions must now use four spaces for indentation. If you are defining or extending any Python functions e. In particular, this applies to the following URIs:. This change improves consistency. The suffix nativesdk is now implemented as a prefix, which simplifies a lot of the packaging code for nativesdk recipes. However, you should update references in your own recipes and configurations as they could be removed in future releases.

See the " packagegroup. Retaining "apps-console-core" will still include the splash screen but generates a warning.

The following recipes have been removed. For most of them, it is unlikely that you would have any references to them in your own Metadata. However, you should check your metadata against this list to be sure:.

Functionality now provided by ofono instead. It has been moved to meta-gnome in meta-openembedded. In addition to the previously listed changes, the meta-demoapps directory has also been removed because the recipes in it were not being maintained and many had become obsolete or broken.

Additionally, these recipes were not parsed in the default configuration. Many of these recipes are already provided in an updated and maintained form within the OpenEmbedded community layers such as meta-oe and meta-gnome. For the remainder, you can now find them in the meta-extras repository, which is in the Yocto Project Source Repositories.

The naming scheme for kernel output binaries has been changed to now include PE as part of the filename:. Because the PE variable is not set by default, these binary files could result with names that include two dash characters. Any instance where this is not the case, now triggers a warning. You must either remove the continuation character, or be sure the next line is a comment. BitBake uses more strict checks when it parses recipes.

Shared State Code: The shared state code has been optimized to avoid running unnecessary tasks. For example, the following no longer populates the target sysroot since that is not necessary:. Instead, the system just needs to extract the output package contents, re-create the packages, and construct the root filesystem.

This change is unlikely to cause any problems unless you have missing declared dependencies. For more related changes, see the " Variables " section. A new oe-git-proxy script has been added to replace previous methods of handling proxies and fetching source from Git. For information on how to use append files, see the " Using. Support for remote debugging with the Eclipse IDE is now separated into an image feature eclipse-debug that corresponds to the packagegroup-core-eclipse-debug package group.

Previously, the debugging feature was included through the tools-debug image feature, which corresponds to the packagegroup-core-tools-debug package group. For example, "Ubuntu You do not need to worry about this change if you are not specifically setting this variable, or if you are specifically setting it to "".

If you have a recipe that relied upon these directories, which would be unusual, then you will need to add the appropriate paths within the recipe or, alternatively, rearrange the files. If runtime package management is enabled and the RPM backend is selected, Smart is now installed for package download, dependency resolution, and upgrades instead of Zypper. For more information on how to use Smart, run the following command on the target:. The following recipes were moved from their previous locations because they are no longer used by anything in the OpenEmbedded-Core:.

The linux-yocto 3. However, matchbox-wm and matchbox-theme-sato are still provided. The kernel module postinstall and postrm scripts can now do the same task without the use of this script. Superseded by web-webkit. Nothing uses xf86bigfontproto. The OpenEmbedded build system now has some additional requirements on the host system:. Patched version of Make if you are using 3.

Most distributions that provide Make 3. If the Linux distribution you are using on your build host does not provide packages for these, you can install and use the Buildtools tarball, which provides an SDK-like environment containing them. For more information on this requirement, see the " Required Git, tar, and Python Versions " section.

This BSP is not necessarily guaranteed to work on all x86 hardware, but it will run on a wider range of systems than the atom-pc did. BitBake's global method pool has been removed. This method is not particularly useful and led to clashes between recipes containing functions that had the same name. The "none" server backend has been removed. The "process" server backend has been serving well as the default for a long time now.

The bitbake-runtask script has been removed. Attempting to use them could result in two versions being built simultaneously rather than just one version due to the way BitBake resolves dependencies. All of the possible QA checks are now documented in the " insane. If you are using the buildhistory class, the check for the package version going backwards is now controlled using a standard QA check.

See the documented QA checks in the " insane. Images and related files are now installed into a directory that is specific to the machine, instead of a parent directory containing output files for multiple machines.

The runqemu script now uses this variable to find images and kernel binaries and will use BitBake to determine the directory. The pkgdata directory produced as part of the packaging process has been collapsed into a single machine-specific directory. This directory is located under sysroots and uses a machine-specific name i. BitBake will now shorten revisions from Git repositories from the normal 40 characters down to 10 characters within SRCPV for improved usability in path and file names.

This change should be safe within contexts where these revisions are used because the chances of spatially close collisions is very low. Distant collisions are not a major issue in the way the values are used. This change is intended to catch those kinds of situations. The "validitems" varflag change allows additional features to be added if they are not provided using the previous two mechanisms.

You can find some of the implications for this change here. You can find a guide on how to make these changes here. If you have custom image recipes that make this addition, you should remove the lines, as they are not needed and might interfere with correct operation of postinstall scripts. Consequently, they will only be re-executed when their inputs have changed. Previous versions of the OpenEmbedded build system always rebuilt the image when requested rather when necessary.

The previously deprecated task. For more information, see the " packagegroup. By default, we now split BusyBox into two binaries: one that is suid root for those components that need it, and another for the rest of the components. Splitting BusyBox allows for optimization that eliminates the tinylogin recipe as recommended by upstream.

A new automated image testing framework has been added through the testimage. This framework replaces the older imagetest-qemu framework. You can learn more about performing automated image tests in the " Performing Automated Runtime Testing " section.

Installed package sizes: installed-package-sizes. The buildhistory-diff and buildhistory-collect-srcrevs utilities have improved command-line handling. Use the --help option for each utility for more information on the new syntax.

If you need the extra rules, then add udev-extraconf to your image. These are not needed by udev itself and removing them saves around KB.

It has been replaced by a suid portion of Busybox. See the " BusyBox " section for more information. It has been functionally replaced by midori. It is no longer needed by any other recipe. Anjuta IDE integration has not been officially supported for several releases.

The archiver class has been rewritten and its configuration has been simplified. The binutils recipe no longer produces a binutils-symlinks package. The tc traffic control utilities have been split out of the main iproute2 package and put into the iproute2-tc package. The gtk-engines schemas have been moved to a dedicated gtk-engines-schemas package.

The armv7a with thumb package architecture suffix has changed. The suffix for these packages with the thumb optimization enabled is "t2" as it should be. Use of this suffix was not the case in the 1. Architecture names will change within package feeds as a result. The following changes have been made to BitBake. You can specify the branch using the following form:. If you do not specify a branch, BitBake looks in the default "master" branch. Alternatively, if you need to bypass this check e.

BitBake had some previously deprecated Python definitions within its bb module removed. You should use their sub-module counterparts instead:. MalformedUrl : Use bb. The BitBake console UI will now output errors to stderr instead of stdout. The following variables have changed. The check for this occurs on startup. For PR increments on changes, use the PR service instead. The "sum. The following variables now expect a semicolon separated list of functions to call and not arbitrary shell commands:.

For migration purposes, you can simply wrap shell commands in a shell function and then call the function. Package Tests ptest are built but not installed by default. For information on using Package Tests, see the " Setting up and running package test ptest " section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.

For information on the ptest class, see the " ptest. Separate build and source directories have been enabled by default for selected recipes where it is known to work a whitelist and for all recipes that inherit the cmake class.

In future releases the autotools class will enable a separate build directory by default as well. The following additional lines are needed in your local. In addition to core-image-basic being renamed, packagegroup-core-basic has been renamed to packagegroup-core-full-cmdline to match.

However, the licensing itself remains unchanged. Normally, this change would not cause any side-effects. You need to take action on individual recipes that fail when building with this option. You need to either patch the recipes to fix the issues reported by the compiler, or you need to add "-fpermissive" to CFLAGS in the recipes. The task is no longer needed. The default update-alternatives provider has been changed from opkg to opkg-utils.

This change resolves some troublesome circular dependencies. The runtime package has also been renamed from update-alternatives-cworth to update-alternatives-opkg. The virtclass overrides are now deprecated. Use the equivalent class overrides instead e. Support for the 3. The method used to set defaults for these options means that existing local. In other words, to enable graphical output for QEMU, you should now have these lines in local.

The minimum Git version required on the build host is now 1. As always, if your host distribution does not provide a version of Git that meets this requirement, you can use the buildtools-tarball that does. See the " Required Git, tar, and Python Versions " section for more information.

The following autotools class changes occurred:. A separate build directory is now used by default: The autotools class has been changed to use a directory for building B , which is separate from the source directory S. This is commonly referred to as B! If the software being built is already capable of building in a directory separate from the source, you do not need to do anything. The --foreign option is no longer passed to automake when running autoconf : This option tells automake that a particular software package does not follow the GNU standards and therefore should not be expected to distribute certain files such as ChangeLog , AUTHORS , and so forth.

Because the majority of upstream software packages already tell automake to enable foreign mode themselves, the option is mostly superfluous. However, some recipes will need patches for this change. You can easily make the change by patching configure. See this commit for an example showing how to make the patch. Some of the core recipes that package binary configuration scripts now disable the scripts due to the scripts previously requiring error-prone path substitution.

Software that links against these libraries using these scripts should use the much more robust pkg-config instead. The list of recipes changed in this version and their configuration scripts is as follows:. Additionally, support for pkg-config has been added to some recipes in the previous list in the rare cases where the upstream software package does not already provide it. Because eglibc and glibc were already fairly close, this replacement should not require any significant changes to other software that links to eglibc.

However, there were a number of minor changes in glibc 2. Thus, older kernels will no longer be usable in conjunction with it. For full details on the changes in glibc 2. The new variables no longer require you to specify the module name as part of the variable name.

This change not only simplifies usage but also allows the values of these variables to be appropriately incorporated into task signatures and thus trigger the appropriate tasks to re-execute when changed.

Additional QA checks file-rdeps and build-deps have been added in order to verify that file dependencies are satisfied e. This allows more parallel execution. This change is unlikely to be an issue except for highly customized recipes that disable packaging tasks themselves by marking them as noexec. Recipes should not be overwriting files written to the sysroot by other recipes. If you have these types of recipes, you need to alter them so that they do not overwrite these files.

You might now receive this error after changes in configuration or metadata resulting in orphaned files being left in the sysroot.

If you do receive this error, the way to resolve the issue is to delete your TMPDIR or to move it out of the way and then re-start the build. Anything that has been fully built up to that point and does not need rebuilding will be restored from the shared state cache and the rest of the build will be able to proceed as normal. For legacy boards, the meta-ti layer, which contains a maintained recipe, should be used instead.

A bootchart2 recipe has been added to functionally replace it. See the " eglibc 2. The build history feature now writes build-id. Additionally, build-id. You should manually remove old "build-id" files from your existing build history repositories to avoid confusion.

For information on the build history feature, see the " Maintaining Build Output Quality " section. Consequently, the separate python-argparse recipe is no longer needed. Use distro-feed-config from meta-oe instead. A working version of sed is expected to be provided by the host distribution. Proper built-in support for selecting BlueZ 5. To use BlueZ 5. Additionally, a bluetooth class has been added to make selection of the appropriate bluetooth support within a recipe a little easier.

If you wish to make use of this class in a recipe, add something such as the following:. The kernel build process was changed to place the source in a common shared work area and to place build artifacts separately in the source code tree. In theory, migration paths have been provided for most common usages in kernel recipes but this might not work in all cases. For kernel recipes that do not inherit from kernel-yocto or include linux-yocto.

For reference, here is the commit where the linux. SSL 3. Disabling SSL 3. If you feel you must re-enable SSL 3. In other words, the sysroot and include directories are being redirected to a non-existent location in order to catch when host directories are being used due to the correct options not being passed.

This poisoning applies both to the cross-compiler used within the build and to the cross-compiler produced in the SDK. If this change causes something in the build to fail, it almost certainly means the various compiler flags and commands are not being passed correctly to the underlying piece of software. In such cases, you need to take corrective steps. Some software packages do not provide a working clean target within their make files.

It now triggers an error. S now needs to be set to a valid value within a recipe. If S is not set in the recipe, the directory is not automatically created. If the format is invalid e. The send-error-report script now expects a "-s" option to be specified before the server address. This assumes a server address is being specified.

The oe-pkgdata-util script now expects a "-p" option to be specified before the pkgdata directory, which is now optional. This section provides migration information for moving to the Yocto Project 2. The default compiler is now GCC 5. This change has required fixes for compilation errors in a number of other recipes. If you are using your own kernel recipe or source tree and building for ARM, you will likely need to apply this patch. The standard linux-yocto kernel source tree already has a workaround for the same issue.

Alternatively, you can switch back to GCC 4. Gstreamer 0. As part of the change, recipes for Gstreamer 0.

The bluez4 recipe now resides in meta-oe. The method by which BitBake's datastore handles overrides has changed. Overrides are now applied dynamically and bb.

Thus, bb. In practice, this change is unlikely to require any changes to Metadata. However, these minor changes in behavior exist:. All potential overrides are now visible in the variable history as seen when you run the following:. Before the change, only the non-overridden values were cleared.

The shell versions of the BitBake message functions i. Thus, those message functions that you would expect to be printed by the BitBake UI are now actually printed. In practice, this change means two things:. If you now see messages on the console that you did not previously see as a result of this change, you might need to clean up the calls to bbwarn , bberror , and so forth.

Or, you might want to simply remove the calls. All of the above recipes now conform to the standard packaging scheme where a single -dev , -dbg , and -staticdev package exists per recipe.

Maintenance tracking data for recipes that was previously part of meta-yocto has been moved to OE-Core. Stale files from recipes that no longer exist in the current configuration are now automatically removed from sysroot as well as removed from any other place managed by shared state. This automatic cleanup means that the build system now properly handles situations such as renaming the build system side of recipes, removal of layers from bblayers.

Additionally, work directories for old versions of recipes are now pruned. If you wish to disable pruning old work directories, you can set the following variable in your configuration:. The linux-yocto tree has up to now been a combined set of kernel changes and configuration meta data carried in a single tree.

While this format is effective at keeping kernel configuration and source modifications synchronized, it is not always obvious to developers how to manipulate the Metadata as compared to the source. Metadata processing has now been removed from the kernel-yocto class and the external Metadata repository yocto-kernel-cache , which has always been used to seed the linux-yocto "meta" branch.

This separate linux-yocto cache repository is now the primary location for this data. Due to this change, linux-yocto is no longer able to process combined trees. Thus, if you need to have your own combined kernel repository, you must do the split there as well and update your recipes accordingly. The check looks for files that are incorrectly owned by the user that ran BitBake instead of owned by a valid user in the target system.

Added an "invalid-chars" check for invalid non-UTF8 characters in recipe metadata variable values i. Some package managers do not support these characters. Bringing in oprofile was originally added to aid compilation on resource-constrained targets. However, this aid has not been widely used and is not likely to be used going forward due to the more powerful target platforms and the existence of better cross-compilation tools.

The packagegroup-core-full-cmdline packagegroup no longer brings in lighttpd due to the fact that bringing in lighttpd is not really in line with the packagegroup's purpose, which is to add full versions of command-line tools that by default are provided by busybox. Suppressing expansion was done to allow Python functions to construct shell scripts or other code for situations in which you do not want such expressions expanded.

View code. The 'distributed data' arrays are therefore divided across all nodes. Now, for some terminology. CPU: a processor core. There might be more than one core in a single silicon chip, or not. Any such core is a CPU, for the purpose of the discussion here. It is more or less irrelevant how many pieces of silicon are in your system, what matters is how many CPUs cores you have.

The different types of shared memory are SYSV memory: memory shared inside a node using System V type calls, for example the memory allocation routines 'shmget' and 'shmat'. SHMEM memory: a software library sharing memory between nodes, usually over a very good network, and found mainly on high-end machines, particularly Cray systems. These three subroutines are the essence of how DDI is used to implement parallel quantum chemistry calculations.

Any process within a node compute processes or data servers can access the local portion of the distributed data directly. Thus a compute process can use the local data directly, without assistance from a data server. The next section fills in the details behind this overview. The Distributed Data Interface DDI exists to provide a distributed shared memory, for storage of very large arrays, by combining memory belonging to all nodes to a very large total.

This memory is accessed by memory to memory copies inside SMP nodes, and by the network when accessing remote memory. The implementation has been specifically tuned to clusters built from SMP enclosures, which are of course the most commonplace parallel computer system today. This supported all parallelization efforts made from through Since , three versions of DDI have been introduced, as described below.

In , support for asynchronous point to point messages was added to support an ongoing coding project, not yet included in the production version of GAMESS. This required use of the thread library. We have encountered only one very old Unix operating system that did not have a standard thread library there is a work around for no pthreads. One important design goal for the second version of DDI was to use exactly the same subroutine calls as originally, so that no changes need be made in the GAMESS application.

This means it is possible to use the first version of DDI in circumstances in case the later versions cannot be installed probably only where system level configuration parameters cannot be reset. Of course, each CPU runs a process performing quantum chemical calculations, which is termed the 'compute process'.

The additional process allocated a large block of memory, and did nothing but control access to this, hence it is termed a 'data server'. Experience from onward has taught us that this is a somewhat unusual concept, so let's be very plain spoken here: a p CPUs will normally run 2p processes named gamess.

They enter a routine which loops indefinitely to handle requests for data. The amount of CPU time required for this purpose is rather modest, so coexistence of a 'data server' and a 'compute process' on the same CPU hardly slows down the computations.

The X shown in the picture above shows which part of a gamess. As the years have gone by, SMP nodes have become almost more common than uniprocessors, increasing the number of intra-box messages being handled by DDI. Therefore, the second version of DDI was introduced in May , with the specific goal of improving performance inside SMP enclosures. The second version of DDI also introduced the concept of subgroups, which are discussed below.

Portability and the ability to run on cheaper clusters, using tools cmmonly found in Unix continues to be an important design goal. The second version of DDI therefore requires only slightly more from the operating system than in a a System V library implementing shared memory calls, for high performance intra-node messages.

In addition, a number of computer companies ship their operating systems with the SYSV parameters set to very small values, making it necessary to increase them. This process requires the reset of a few parameters, and a reboot of the machine s , and can only be carried out with knowledge of the 'root' password. If you are not able to pursuade your system manager to change these parameters, the first version of DDI can still be used, as a last resort, or select SYSV off when compiling the new DDI.

In the second version of DDI, data servers do not run 1. The GAMESS processes, whether functioning as compute processes or as data servers, are started up by the kickoff program, ddikick. The new version of DDI has a different set of arguments for the ddikick. The exact syntax for execution is discussed later in this file. SYSV shared memory regions are allocated by just one process on each node, using the routine 'shmget'. In contrast to 'malloc' which is still used for the replicated memory owned by each compute process, and is a private memory accessible only to that process , the 'shmget' routine creates memory that is sharable.

All other processes in the same node can attach shmat to this memory, and read and write it. Semaphore routines semop associated with SYSV control the read and write accesses. The effect is to make all messages between the compute processes and local data servers occur at the speed of the memory bus in the node. The only cost associated with such access is a single memory to memory copy of the data.

For example, the accumulate operation used to be four separate messages to a node containing 4 CPUs, one to each data server. Now, these are combined to a single, longer message, which can be handled by any of the four data servers on that remote node. As already stated, a design goal of DDI is to be able to run on any type of Unix computer, using nearly ubiquitous features of Unix.

As proof of this, it may interest you to know that nearly all Ryan's development work was done on a Macintosh laptop 1 CPU , under version The other design goal of the second version of DDI was to add SMP support, particularly by increasing the intra-node message speed to that of the internal memory bus. The second version of DDI also supported the concept of "groups" of processors, in which different subsets of the processors work on completely independent quantum mechanical computations.

The only part of GAMESS using this at the present time is the Fragment MO method, in which large molecules are divided into regions whose wavefunctions are evaluated separately but in the field of all other regions, of course. This version a introduced node-replicated data, which only functions on machines which support System V shared memory b cleaned up internally the subgroup support c fixed MPI-related bugs Node-replicated data is data that is stored once per node, with the entire data structure then replicated on every other node.

The data is stored using System V memory calls, so the operating system's limit on total shared memory does enforce a limit on this class. The entire double amplitude memory is stored a second time on the second node. The term "node-replicated" means one copy per node, shared by all CP's in that node. If you think about the storage map above, you will see that the CCSD T program likes having very large memory per node, and having as many CP's as possible inside the node so that the doubles amplitudes are shared by many processors.

This section closes with references describing the computer science details, for the first version, G. Fletcher, M. Schmidt, B. Bode, M. Gordon Comput. Olson, M. Schmidt, M. Gordon, A. Rendell, Proc. Fedorov, R. Likewise, our generators above are also pseudo-random number generators. The random numbers generated are sufficient for most applications yet they should not be used for cryptographic purposes.

True random numbers are based on physical phenomena such as atmospheric noise, thermal noise, and other quantum phenomena. Methods that generate true random numbers also involve compensating for potential biases caused by the measurement process.

Allow duplication in results? Yes No. Ascend Descend No. Precision: digits. Financial Fitness and Health Math Other.